PACT: Populism and Conspiracy Theory
A Research Project Funded by the European Research Council
The last two decades have seen the rise of populist movements all over the world. Both in Europe and America, populism is no longer restricted to the margins of politics and society. Populists are governing in many countries – among others, in Hungary, Poland, Italy, Switzerland, Finland, and Norway, sometimes alone, sometimes as part of coalitions. Even where they are not (yet) officially in power, they have grown stronger and shape the political agenda, as the Brexit campaign or discussions about the refugee “crisis” in Germany and other countries show.
Conspiracy theories have also significantly gained in visibility and impact over the past twenty years, and they have been playing a major role in the debates about populism. The two phenomena are obviously connected. Populist leaders – from Trump to Maduro, and from Orban to Bolsonaro – regularly employ conspiracist rhetoric, and as number of studies have shown, the followers of populist parties and movements tend to believe more in conspiracy theories than others.
However, their exact connection remained unexplored for a rather long time. Funded by a Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council, the PACT project, which ran from April 2020 to September 2025, aimed to fill this research gap. Through a variety of case studies and more general theoretical considerations, it has provided a robust account of the relationship between populism and conspiracy theory.
Please visit the project section for more information on the individual subprojects.
All project publications are available in open access and are available in the publications section.
An edited volume based on our first two conferences is out now. You can download the PDF here: routledge.com/Populism-and…. The print version will be out on July 4.
— PACT: Populism and Conspiracy Theory (@ercpact.bsky.social) Jun 20, 2024 at 14:06
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